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business#gpu📝 BlogAnalyzed: Jan 18, 2026 17:17

RunPod Soars: AI App Hosting Platform Achieves $120M Annual Revenue Run Rate!

Published:Jan 18, 2026 17:10
1 min read
Techmeme

Analysis

RunPod, a dynamic AI app hosting service, is experiencing phenomenal growth, having reached a $120 million annual revenue run rate! This impressive achievement, just four years after its launch, signals a strong demand for their platform and highlights the rapid evolution of the AI landscape.
Reference

Runpod, an AI app hosting platform that launched four years ago, has hit a $120 million annual revenue run rate, founders Zhen Lu and Pardeep Singh tell TechCrunch.

business#llm📝 BlogAnalyzed: Jan 17, 2026 17:32

Musk's Vision: Seeking Potential Billions from OpenAI and Microsoft's Success

Published:Jan 17, 2026 17:18
1 min read
Engadget

Analysis

This legal filing offers a fascinating glimpse into the early days of AI development and the monumental valuations now associated with these pioneering companies. The potential for such significant financial gains underscores the incredible growth and innovation in the AI space, making this a story worth watching!
Reference

Musk claimed in the filing that he's entitled to a portion of OpenAI's recent valuation at $500 billion, after contributing $38 million in "seed funding" during the AI company's startup years.

business#voice📰 NewsAnalyzed: Jan 16, 2026 18:00

AI's Prescription for the Future: Healthcare's Exciting New Chapter

Published:Jan 16, 2026 17:35
1 min read
TechCrunch

Analysis

The AI industry is rapidly transforming healthcare! With OpenAI's acquisition of Torch, Anthropic's Claude for Health launch, and Merge Labs' impressive funding, the potential for innovation is boundless. This surge of investment signals a thrilling era of AI-driven advancements in health and voice technology.
Reference

The money and products are pouring into health and voice AI...

business#voice📰 NewsAnalyzed: Jan 16, 2026 18:45

AI Healthcare: A New Era of Innovation Dawns

Published:Jan 16, 2026 14:00
1 min read
TechCrunch

Analysis

The AI healthcare sector is booming, with companies rapidly innovating and attracting significant investment. Exciting developments in voice AI and other applications promise to revolutionize patient care and medical practices. This is a thrilling moment for anyone interested in the future of health technology!
Reference

The money and products are pouring into health and voice AI...

business#bci📝 BlogAnalyzed: Jan 16, 2026 01:22

OpenAI Jumps into the Future: Investing in Brain-Computer Interface Startup

Published:Jan 15, 2026 23:47
1 min read
SiliconANGLE

Analysis

OpenAI's investment in Merge Labs signals a bold move towards the future of human-computer interaction! This exciting development could revolutionize how we interact with technology, potentially offering incredible new possibilities for accessibility and control. Imagine the doors this opens!
Reference

Bloomberg described the investment as a $252 million seed round...

business#bci📝 BlogAnalyzed: Jan 15, 2026 17:00

OpenAI Invests in Sam Altman's Neural Interface Startup, Fueling Industry Speculation

Published:Jan 15, 2026 16:55
1 min read
cnBeta

Analysis

OpenAI's substantial investment in Merge Labs, a company founded by its own CEO, signals a significant strategic bet on the future of brain-computer interfaces. This "internal" funding round likely aims to accelerate development in a nascent field, potentially integrating advanced AI capabilities with human neurological processes, a high-risk, high-reward endeavor.
Reference

Merge Labs describes itself as a 'research laboratory' dedicated to 'connecting biological intelligence with artificial intelligence to maximize human capabilities.'

business#bci📰 NewsAnalyzed: Jan 15, 2026 16:45

OpenAI's Investment Signals Major Push into Brain-Computer Interfaces

Published:Jan 15, 2026 16:31
1 min read
TechCrunch

Analysis

OpenAI's investment in Merge Labs, a brain-computer interface (BCI) startup, suggests a strategic bet on the future of human-computer interaction and potentially a deeper understanding of intelligence itself. The valuation of $850 million at the seed stage is substantial, indicating significant market confidence and potential for rapid technological advancements in the BCI space, particularly integrating AI with biological systems.
Reference

OpenAI is participating in a $250 million seed round into Merge Labs, Sam Altman's brain computer interface startup.

research#llm📝 BlogAnalyzed: Jan 15, 2026 07:10

Future-Proofing NLP: Seeded Topic Modeling, LLM Integration, and Data Summarization

Published:Jan 14, 2026 12:00
1 min read
Towards Data Science

Analysis

This article highlights emerging trends in topic modeling, essential for staying competitive in the rapidly evolving NLP landscape. The convergence of traditional techniques like seeded modeling with modern LLM capabilities presents opportunities for more accurate and efficient text analysis, streamlining knowledge discovery and content generation processes.
Reference

Seeded topic modeling, integration with LLMs, and training on summarized data are the fresh parts of the NLP toolkit.

business#embodied ai📝 BlogAnalyzed: Jan 4, 2026 02:30

Huawei Cloud Robotics Lead Ventures Out: A Brain-Inspired Approach to Embodied AI

Published:Jan 4, 2026 02:25
1 min read
36氪

Analysis

This article highlights a significant trend of leveraging neuroscience for embodied AI, moving beyond traditional deep learning approaches. The success of 'Cerebral Rock' will depend on its ability to translate theoretical neuroscience into practical, scalable algorithms and secure adoption in key industries. The reliance on brain-inspired algorithms could be a double-edged sword, potentially limiting performance if the models are not robust enough.
Reference

"Human brains are the only embodied AI brains that have been successfully realized in the world, and we have no reason not to use them as a blueprint for technological iteration."

Research#LLM📝 BlogAnalyzed: Jan 3, 2026 06:29

Survey Paper on Agentic LLMs

Published:Jan 2, 2026 12:25
1 min read
r/MachineLearning

Analysis

This article announces the publication of a survey paper on Agentic Large Language Models (LLMs). It highlights the paper's focus on reasoning, action, and interaction capabilities of agentic LLMs and how these aspects interact. The article also invites discussion on future directions and research areas for agentic AI.
Reference

The paper comes with hundreds of references, so enough seeds and ideas to explore further.

Runaway Electron Risk in DTT Full Power Scenario

Published:Dec 31, 2025 10:09
1 min read
ArXiv

Analysis

This paper highlights a critical safety concern for the DTT fusion facility as it transitions to full power. The research demonstrates that the increased plasma current significantly amplifies the risk of runaway electron (RE) beam formation during disruptions. This poses a threat to the facility's components. The study emphasizes the need for careful disruption mitigation strategies, balancing thermal load reduction with RE avoidance, particularly through controlled impurity injection.
Reference

The avalanche multiplication factor is sufficiently high ($G_ ext{av} \approx 1.3 \cdot 10^5$) to convert a mere 5.5 A seed current into macroscopic RE beams of $\approx 0.7$ MA when large amounts of impurities are present.

Analysis

The article announces the release of MAI-UI, a GUI agent family by Alibaba Tongyi Lab, claiming superior performance compared to existing models like Gemini 2.5 Pro, Seed1.8, and UI-Tars-2 on AndroidWorld. The focus is on advancements in GUI grounding and mobile GUI navigation, addressing gaps in earlier GUI agents. The source is MarkTechPost.
Reference

Alibaba Tongyi Lab have released MAI-UI—a family of foundation GUI agents. It natively integrates MCP tool use, agent user interaction, device–cloud collaboration, and online RL, establishing state-of-the-art results in general GUI grounding and mobile GUI navigation, surpassing Gemini-2.5-Pro, Seed1.8, and UI-Tars-2 on AndroidWorld.

SeedFold: Scaling Biomolecular Structure Prediction

Published:Dec 30, 2025 17:05
1 min read
ArXiv

Analysis

This paper presents SeedFold, a model for biomolecular structure prediction, focusing on scaling up model capacity. It addresses a critical aspect of foundation model development. The paper's significance lies in its contributions to improving the accuracy and efficiency of structure prediction, potentially impacting the development of biomolecular foundation models and related applications.
Reference

SeedFold outperforms AlphaFold3 on most protein-related tasks.

SeedProteo: AI for Protein Binder Design

Published:Dec 30, 2025 12:50
1 min read
ArXiv

Analysis

This paper introduces SeedProteo, a diffusion-based AI model for designing protein binders. It's significant because it leverages a cutting-edge folding architecture and self-conditioning to achieve state-of-the-art performance in both unconditional protein generation (demonstrating length generalization and structural diversity) and binder design (achieving high in-silico success rates, structural diversity, and novelty). This has implications for drug discovery and protein engineering.
Reference

SeedProteo achieves state-of-the-art performance among open-source methods, attaining the highest in-silico design success rates, structural diversity and novelty.

Research#Bio-mechanics🔬 ResearchAnalyzed: Jan 10, 2026 07:08

Squirting Cucumber's Hydraulic System: Insights into Seed Propulsion

Published:Dec 30, 2025 12:15
1 min read
ArXiv

Analysis

This article from ArXiv highlights an interesting application of biological mechanics. It analyzes the squirting cucumber's method of seed dispersal, offering valuable insights into natural hydraulic systems.
Reference

The squirting cucumber, Ecballium elaterium, uses a biological hydraulic accumulator to eject its seeds.

Analysis

This paper addresses a crucial problem in evaluating learning-based simulators: high variance due to stochasticity. It proposes a simple yet effective solution, paired seed evaluation, which leverages shared randomness to reduce variance and improve statistical power. This is particularly important for comparing algorithms and design choices in these systems, leading to more reliable conclusions and efficient use of computational resources.
Reference

Paired seed evaluation design...induces matched realisations of stochastic components and strict variance reduction whenever outcomes are positively correlated at the seed level.

Analysis

This paper addresses the challenge of explaining the early appearance of supermassive black holes (SMBHs) observed by JWST. It proposes a novel mechanism where dark matter (DM) interacts with Population III stars, causing them to collapse into black hole seeds. This offers a potential solution to the SMBH formation problem and suggests testable predictions for future experiments and observations.
Reference

The paper proposes a mechanism in which non-annihilating dark matter (DM) with non-gravitational interactions with the Standard Model (SM) particles accumulates inside Population III (Pop III) stars, inducing their premature collapse into BH seeds having the same mass as the parent star.

Analysis

This paper addresses the challenge of cross-session variability in EEG-based emotion recognition, a crucial problem for reliable human-machine interaction. The proposed EGDA framework offers a novel approach by aligning global and class-specific distributions while preserving EEG data structure via graph regularization. The results on the SEED-IV dataset demonstrate improved accuracy compared to baselines, highlighting the potential of the method. The identification of key frequency bands and brain regions further contributes to the understanding of emotion recognition.
Reference

EGDA achieves robust cross-session performance, obtaining accuracies of 81.22%, 80.15%, and 83.27% across three transfer tasks, and surpassing several baseline methods.

Analysis

This article investigates the effectiveness of cold plasma treatment on breaking seed dormancy in a specific plant species (Brassica rapa) from a particular geographic region (Mediterranean). The research question is clearly defined, focusing on a practical application of cold plasma technology in agriculture or plant science. The source, ArXiv, suggests this is a pre-print or research paper, indicating a scientific focus.
Reference

Analysis

This article reports on a scientific study investigating the effects of cold atmospheric plasma treatment on sunflower seeds. The research focuses on improving the seeds' ability to withstand water stress, a crucial factor for plant survival and agricultural productivity. The study likely explores the mechanisms by which the plasma treatment enhances stress tolerance during germination and early seedling development. The source, ArXiv, suggests this is a pre-print or research paper.
Reference

The article likely presents experimental data and analysis related to the impact of plasma treatment on seed germination, seedling growth, and physiological responses under water stress conditions. It may include details on the plasma parameters used, the methods of assessing stress tolerance, and the observed results.

Research#llm📝 BlogAnalyzed: Dec 28, 2025 10:02

(ComfyUI with 5090) Free resources used to generate infinitely long 2K@36fps videos w/LoRAs

Published:Dec 28, 2025 09:21
1 min read
r/StableDiffusion

Analysis

This Reddit post discusses the possibility of generating infinitely long, coherent 2K videos at 36fps using ComfyUI and an RTX 5090. The author details their experience generating a 50-second video with custom LoRAs, highlighting the crispness, motion quality, and character consistency achieved. The post includes performance statistics for various stages of the video generation process, such as SVI 2.0 Pro, SeedVR2, and Rife VFI. The total processing time for the 50-second video was approximately 72 minutes. The author expresses willingness to share the ComfyUI workflow if there is sufficient interest from the community. This showcases the potential of high-end hardware and optimized workflows for AI-powered video generation.
Reference

In theory it's possible to generate infinitely long coherent 2k videos at 32fps with custom LoRAs with prompts on any timestamps.

Analysis

This paper addresses a critical vulnerability in cloud-based AI training: the potential for malicious manipulation hidden within the inherent randomness of stochastic operations like dropout. By introducing Verifiable Dropout, the authors propose a privacy-preserving mechanism using zero-knowledge proofs to ensure the integrity of these operations. This is significant because it allows for post-hoc auditing of training steps, preventing attackers from exploiting the non-determinism of deep learning for malicious purposes while preserving data confidentiality. The paper's contribution lies in providing a solution to a real-world security concern in AI training.
Reference

Our approach binds dropout masks to a deterministic, cryptographically verifiable seed and proves the correct execution of the dropout operation.

Research#AI Alignment📝 BlogAnalyzed: Jan 3, 2026 07:50

Apply for Alignment Mentorship from TurnTrout and Alex Cloud

Published:Dec 26, 2025 17:20
1 min read
Alignment Forum

Analysis

This article announces the opening of applications for the MATS mentorship program, highlighting its success in fostering alignment researchers. It emphasizes the program's impact through the achievements of past mentees and showcases research outputs. The article's tone is promotional, aiming to attract potential applicants.
Reference

“Through the MATS program, we (Alex Turner and Alex Cloud[1]) help alignment researchers grow from seeds into majestic trees.”

Analysis

This paper addresses the critical problem of data scarcity and confidentiality in finance by proposing a unified framework for evaluating synthetic financial data generation. It compares three generative models (ARIMA-GARCH, VAEs, and TimeGAN) using a multi-criteria evaluation, including fidelity, temporal structure, and downstream task performance. The research is significant because it provides a standardized benchmarking approach and practical guidelines for selecting generative models, which can accelerate model development and testing in the financial domain.
Reference

TimeGAN achieved the best trade-off between realism and temporal coherence (e.g., TimeGAN attained the lowest MMD: 1.84e-3, average over 5 seeds).

Analysis

This paper introduces a modified TSception architecture for EEG-based driver drowsiness and mental workload assessment. The key contributions are a hierarchical architecture with temporal refinement, Adaptive Average Pooling for handling varying EEG input dimensions, and a two-stage fusion mechanism. The model demonstrates comparable accuracy to the original TSception on the SEED-VIG dataset but with improved stability (reduced confidence interval). Furthermore, it achieves state-of-the-art results on the STEW mental workload dataset, highlighting its generalizability.
Reference

The Modified TSception achieves a comparable accuracy of 83.46% (vs. 83.15% for the original) on the SEED-VIG dataset, but with a substantially reduced confidence interval (0.24 vs. 0.36), signifying a marked improvement in performance stability.

Research#physics🔬 ResearchAnalyzed: Jan 4, 2026 10:39

Proposal for energy modulation to demodulation in seeded free-electron lasers

Published:Dec 25, 2025 09:19
1 min read
ArXiv

Analysis

This article proposes a method for energy modulation and demodulation in seeded free-electron lasers. The focus is on a specific technical aspect of laser operation. Further details about the significance and potential impact of this proposal are needed for a comprehensive analysis. The source is ArXiv, indicating a pre-print or research paper.

Key Takeaways

    Reference

    Analysis

    This article from 36Kr reports that ByteDance's AI chatbot, Doubao, has reached a daily active user (DAU) count of over 100 million, making it the fastest ByteDance product to reach this milestone with the lowest marketing spend. The article highlights Doubao's early launch advantage, continuous feature updates (image and video generation), and integration with ByteDance's ecosystem (e.g., e-commerce). It also mentions the organizational support and incentives provided to the Seed team behind Doubao. The article further discusses the competitive landscape, with other tech giants like Tencent and Alibaba investing heavily in their AI applications. While Doubao's commercialization path remains unclear, its MaaS service is reportedly exceeding expectations. The potential partnership with the CCTV Spring Festival Gala in 2026 could further boost Doubao's user base.
    Reference

    Doubao's UG and marketing expenses are the lowest among all ByteDance products that have exceeded 100 million DAU.

    Research#Graph Generation🔬 ResearchAnalyzed: Jan 10, 2026 08:19

    CoLaS: Novel Graph Generation for Complex Network Modeling

    Published:Dec 23, 2025 03:26
    1 min read
    ArXiv

    Analysis

    This article presents a new method, CoLaS, for generating sparse local graphs with specific properties. The research focuses on creating graphs with tunable assortativity, persistent clustering, and a degree-tail dichotomy, which are valuable for modeling complex networks.
    Reference

    CoLaS: Copula-Seeded Sparse Local Graphs with Tunable Assortativity, Persistent Clustering, and a Degree-Tail Dichotomy

    Research#llm🔬 ResearchAnalyzed: Jan 4, 2026 08:28

    Towards Ancient Plant Seed Classification: A Benchmark Dataset and Baseline Model

    Published:Dec 20, 2025 07:18
    1 min read
    ArXiv

    Analysis

    This article introduces a benchmark dataset and baseline model for classifying ancient plant seeds. The focus is on a specific application within the broader field of AI, namely image recognition and classification applied to paleobotany. The use of a benchmark dataset allows for standardized evaluation and comparison of different models, which is crucial for progress in this area. The development of a baseline model provides a starting point for future research and helps to establish a performance threshold.
    Reference

    The article likely discusses the methodology used to create the dataset, the architecture of the baseline model, and the results obtained. It would also likely compare the performance of the baseline model to existing methods or other potential models.

    Analysis

    The article describes Seed-Prover 1.5, focusing on its ability to tackle undergraduate-level theorem proving. The core concept revolves around learning from experience, suggesting an iterative improvement process. The source being ArXiv indicates this is likely a research paper detailing the system and its performance.
    Reference

    Research#Audio-Visual🔬 ResearchAnalyzed: Jan 10, 2026 11:05

    Seedance 1.5 Pro: A New Foundation Model for Audio-Visual Generation

    Published:Dec 15, 2025 16:36
    1 min read
    ArXiv

    Analysis

    The article introduces Seedance 1.5 Pro, a native foundation model for generating audio-visual content. Further analysis would require access to the actual ArXiv paper to assess the model's performance, innovations, and potential impact.
    Reference

    Seedance 1.5 Pro is a Native Audio-Visual Joint Generation Foundation Model.

    Safety#LLM🔬 ResearchAnalyzed: Jan 10, 2026 11:38

    LLM Refusal Inconsistencies: Examining the Impact of Randomness on Safety

    Published:Dec 12, 2025 22:29
    1 min read
    ArXiv

    Analysis

    This article highlights a critical vulnerability in Large Language Models: the unpredictable nature of their refusal behaviors. The study underscores the importance of rigorous testing methodologies when evaluating and deploying safety mechanisms in LLMs.
    Reference

    The study analyzes how random seeds and temperature settings impact LLM's propensity to refuse potentially harmful prompts.

    Research#Image Editing🔬 ResearchAnalyzed: Jan 10, 2026 13:54

    WiseEdit: Benchmarking AI-Driven Image Editing for Cognition and Creativity

    Published:Nov 29, 2025 08:32
    1 min read
    ArXiv

    Analysis

    The ArXiv paper 'WiseEdit' presents a benchmarking approach to evaluate AI-driven image editing, specifically focusing on cognitive and creative aspects. This research likely contributes to a better understanding of how AI tools can enhance and understand human image editing processes.
    Reference

    The context is limited to the title and source, indicating this is an announcement of a research paper.

    Research#LLM👥 CommunityAnalyzed: Jan 10, 2026 15:10

    SeedLM: Innovative LLM Compression Using Pseudo-Random Generators

    Published:Apr 6, 2025 08:53
    1 min read
    Hacker News

    Analysis

    The article likely discusses a novel approach to compressing Large Language Models (LLMs) by representing their weights with seeds for pseudo-random number generators. This method potentially offers significant advantages in model size and deployment efficiency if successful.
    Reference

    The article describes the technique of compressing LLM weights.

    Research#llm🏛️ OfficialAnalyzed: Dec 24, 2025 11:37

    Google's SEEDS: Generative AI for Scalable Weather Forecast Ensembles

    Published:Mar 29, 2024 18:03
    1 min read
    Google Research

    Analysis

    This article highlights Google Research's development of SEEDS, a generative AI model designed to efficiently create ensembles of weather forecasts. The focus is on addressing the computational cost associated with traditional physics-based ensemble methods, particularly for discerning rare and extreme weather events. The article emphasizes the increasing importance of accurate weather forecasts in the context of climate change and positions SEEDS as a significant innovation in meeting the demand for reliable weather information. While the article introduces SEEDS, it lacks detailed technical explanations of the model's architecture or training process. Further information on the model's performance compared to existing methods would strengthen the article.
    Reference

    SEEDS is a generative AI model that can efficiently generate ensembles of weather forecasts at scale at a small fractio

    Lume: AI-Powered Data Mapping Automation

    Published:Dec 6, 2023 17:37
    1 min read
    Hacker News

    Analysis

    Lume is a seed-stage startup leveraging AI to automate data transformation between schemas. The core offering is the ability to map data from a source schema to a target schema in seconds, aiming to significantly reduce the time required for data onboarding and system integration. The article highlights the product's live status with customers and provides a video walkthrough and documentation. The lack of a self-serve option and the reliance on a request-based API access model are notable. The focus is on ease of use and speed of data transformation.
    Reference

    The core value proposition is the automation of data mapping, promising to reduce the time required for data integration from days/weeks to seconds.

    France’s Mistral AI raises a $113M seed round to take on OpenAI

    Published:Jun 14, 2023 14:38
    1 min read
    Hacker News

    Analysis

    Mistral AI's significant seed funding indicates strong investor confidence in its potential to compete with OpenAI. The focus on challenging a dominant player like OpenAI suggests a competitive landscape in the AI space. The seed round size is substantial, implying ambitious goals and resource needs.

    Key Takeaways

    Reference

    Business#Open-Source AI👥 CommunityAnalyzed: Jan 10, 2026 16:10

    Together AI Secures $20M Seed Funding for Open-Source AI and Cloud Infrastructure

    Published:May 15, 2023 16:44
    1 min read
    Hacker News

    Analysis

    The announcement highlights a significant investment in open-source AI, reflecting a growing trend of decentralized AI development. The focus on cloud infrastructure suggests a desire to provide accessible and scalable resources for AI research and deployment.
    Reference

    Together raised $20 million in seed funding.

    Research#AI in Gaming📝 BlogAnalyzed: Dec 29, 2025 07:48

    Deep Reinforcement Learning for Game Testing at EA with Konrad Tollmar - #517

    Published:Sep 9, 2021 17:35
    1 min read
    Practical AI

    Analysis

    This article from Practical AI discusses the application of deep reinforcement learning (DRL) in game testing at Electronic Arts (EA). It features an interview with Konrad Tollmar, a research director at EA and professor at KTH, focusing on how EA's SEED team utilizes ML/AI in popular game franchises like Apex Legends, Madden, and FIFA. The conversation covers the team's research agenda, the challenges of applying DRL to modern 3D games compared to Atari games, the use of Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) for glitch detection, and Tollmar's perspective on the future of ML in game training. The article highlights the practical applications of AI in the gaming industry.
    Reference

    We break down a few papers focused on the application of ML to game testing, discussing why deep reinforcement learning is at the top of their research agenda...

    Science & Technology#Astrobiology📝 BlogAnalyzed: Dec 29, 2025 17:25

    Sara Walker on the Origin of Life on Earth and Alien Worlds

    Published:Jul 9, 2021 22:14
    1 min read
    Lex Fridman Podcast

    Analysis

    This podcast episode features astrobiologist and theoretical physicist Sara Walker discussing the origin of life, a fascinating and complex topic. The episode covers various aspects, including the definition of life, the possibility of alien life seeding Earth, and the role of consciousness in the universe. The outline provided offers a structured overview of the conversation, allowing listeners to easily navigate the different topics discussed. The inclusion of timestamps is a helpful feature for listeners who want to focus on specific segments. The episode also includes information on how to support the podcast through sponsors.
    Reference

    The episode explores the origin of life and related concepts.

    Machine Learning#Education👥 CommunityAnalyzed: Jan 3, 2026 09:52

    Seedbank – Collection of Interactive Machine Learning Examples

    Published:Jul 12, 2018 17:20
    1 min read
    Hacker News

    Analysis

    The article introduces Seedbank, a collection of interactive machine learning examples. The focus is on providing hands-on learning experiences. The title clearly states the content.
    Reference